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When it comes to fast convergence, first thing that we need to understand what is convergence? Convergence is the time between failure and the recovery. Link, circuits, routers, switches all...
Vlan, VTP and Trunking are most fundamentals yet important topics in Layer 2 Networking. I explain this topic from design, theory and hands-on perspective in my CCIE Enterprise Infrastructure Training....
Autonomous System Provider Authorization - ASPA is a new approach for the Path Validation in BGP Information Security. Only Path Validation Standard in IETF is BGP SEC which is specified...
IXP is a layer 2 network where multiple network entities meet, for the purposes of interconnection and exchanging traffic with one another. Internet Exchange Points start with a single Layer...
GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network) is used to reduce the number of active switching nodes in the network design. Network Design Best practice in Campus networks and many Datacenter networks...
IS-IS Design - Using IS-IS with MPLS require some important design considerations. IS-IS as a scalable link state routing protocol has been used in the Service Provider networks for decades....
This may be seen as very easy for some of you but let's make a philosophy a little bit, which means let's design around optimal routing. Network engineers know that...
What is Carrier Hotel? Carrier Hotel is a Company that owns large buildings and rents out redundant power and floor space. And of course, attracts many Telco’s and Carrier...
AIGP stands for Accumulated IGP Metric Attribute which is specified in RFC 7311. IGPs (Interior Gateway Protocols) are designed to run within a single administrative domain and they make path-selection...
What is last hop router and first hop router in Multicast? These are important terms which are used in Multicast. In this post, I will explain the terms, differences and...
BGP Optimal Route Reflection provides Optimal Routing for the Route Reflector Clients without sending all available paths. I recommend you to read this post if you don't know about BGP...
Why submarine/subsea cables rather than satellite? This started as a story between a friend of mine from a finance background and myself. One of my friends, who is totally foreign...